... Semantic translation, Adaptation, Free translation, Idiomatic translation, Communicative translation 1.2.1 Word-to-word translation: This is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with ... have been elaborate approaches to translation equivalence: Nida (1964) distinguishes formal equivalence and dynamic translation as basic orientations rather than as abinary choice: Formal ... entertainment, public administration, international diplomacy, scientific research publication, judiciary procedure, immigration and education ….Thus, there are many concepts of translation all...