... preferencesand needs, planning for an L2 task, gathering and organizing materials, arranging a study space and a schedule, monitoring mistakes, and evaluating task success, and27evaluating the ... storage, retrieval, and use of information." Weinstein and Mayer (1986) defined language learning strategies as ‘thebehaviour and thought’ that a learner engages in during learning that are ... negotiating meaning with the speaker and responding(collaborative orientation); and, creating meaning through involvement, imaginationand empathy (transformative orientation). Howatt and Dakin...