... over-determined, including real output and the real interest rate; the other, under-determined, including the price level and the moneystock. Hence with an exogenous interest rate the price level ... falling interest rates in 2001–3. But reserves were contracting on average during1995–6, when interest rates were falling, and they were growing on average when interest rates were rising in ... refinancing rate rose in 2000,declined in 2001 and again in late 2002 and early 2003, and then rose again beginning in late2005. The correlation in monthly data between reserves and the interest rate...