... from combining all earningsmanagement scores into a single index, the remainder of the analysis in the paper focuseson the aggregate earnings management index, EMaggr.18Panel C of Table ... 1999). The ordering of the mean and median values of EMaggr follows the expected ordering of legal origins, with the Englishorigin countries showing the lowest earnings management index, followed ... defined by the two mainvariables, legal quality and listing status, to see how they separately and jointly affect the informativeness of earnings. We create a binary variable indicating high and...