... Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal3 Cell Biology and Gene Expression Unit, National Institutes on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA4 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of ... and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, London, UKParkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenera-tive disease which affects over 1% of people over theage of ... metabolism.Levels of cellular ceramide are regulated by thede novo pathway and the recycling pathway. The formerrelates to the synthesis of ceramide through the conden-sation of palmitate and serine...