... with in the treatment of VP-eUipsis, perhaps at the cost of some degree of the- oretical inelegance. However, this aspect was crucial for handling the gapping data, since the infelicity of gapping ... that reinforces one of the meanings. For instance, gapping is felicitous in passage (3), where con- text supports the symmetric reading, but is infelicitous in passage (4) under the intended ... referential forms as to whether they leave behind an empty constituent in the syntax and whether they are anaphoric in the semantics. Empty. constituents in the syntax are not in themselves refer-...