CHILDREN AND CANCER-Children''''''''s Health and the Environment pdf

... Hospital,s-Hertogenbosch, NetherlandsAnne Knola,dNational Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, NetherlandsRutger NugterenaNational Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, ... Environment, Bilthoven, NetherlandsBrigit Staatsenc,dNational Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, NetherlandsElise van KempenaNational Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, ... the instructions for their use and the meeting of limits specified by the EuropeanFood Safety Authority and adopted by the EU (the “farm-to-fork” approach) and FAO/WHOCodex Alimentarius standards...

... ……EventEvent……SponsorSponsor……Organizer]Organizer] Children& apos;s Health and the Environment Children& apos;s Health and the Environment WHO Training Package for the Health SectorWHO Training Package for the Health SectorWorld Health ... WHO2 Children and chemicals Children and chemicals2 Learn about chemical hazards – what they are and the risks they may pose to children  Identify the scenarios – how, where and when are children ... McGraw-Hill Companies, 2006. Health Council of the Netherlands. Pesticides in food: assessing the risk to children. The Hague, Health Council of the Netherlands Report, June 7, 2004. Available at www.gezondheidsraad.nl/sites/default/files/Pesticides%20in%20food.pdf...

... affect the magnitude and rate of global climate change and resultant health impacts. This technical report reviews the nature of the global problem and anticipated health effects on children and ... in the surface temperature and affects weather and climate. Weather is the continuously changing condition of the atmosphere; climate is any long-term change in the patterns of average weather ... HEALTH TRAINING FOR THE HEALTH SECTORTRAINING FOR THE HEALTH SECTOR[Date [Date ……Place Place ……EventEvent……SponsorSponsor……Organizer]Organizer] Children& apos;s Health and the...

... FOR THE HEALTH SECTORTRAINING FOR THE HEALTH SECTOR[Date [Date ……Place Place ……EventEvent……SponsorSponsor……Organizer]Organizer] CHILDREN AND CANCER CHILDREN AND CANCER Children& apos;s ... Children& apos;s Health and the Environment WHO Training Package for the Health SectorWorld Health Organizationwww.who.int/ceh<<NOTE TO USER: Please add details of the date, time, place and sponsorship ... presentation. These slides cover many facets of the problem. Present only those slides that apply most directly to the local situation in the region.>>20 Children and Cancer Children and CancerBased...

... 1983:351-495.Mycotoxins1MYCOTOXINSMYCOTOXINS Children& apos;s Health and the Environment WHO Training Package for the Health SectorWorld Health Organizationwww.who.int/cehOctober 2011TRAINING FOR THE HEALTH SECTORTRAINING FOR THE HEALTH ... affect children& apos;s health. The adverse health effects can be pictured as a pyramid, like the one shown here. At the top is death, the most severe consequence of exposure, such as the deaths ... to the clinic. At the low end of the pyramid are the adverse effects that children suffer for which they do not go to the clinic. Ref:•Samet J et al. Defining an adverse respiratory health...

... countries and to the attention of the international agencies concerned about children& apos;s health and the environment and the needs for green growth and sustainability. Children s Environmental Health ... GlobalPlanofActionfor Children& apos;s Health and the Environment Global Plan of Action for Children s Health and the Environment (2010 - 2015) Discussion Draft Page 2 the increased the use ... research findings, and the translation of research into policy to protect the children s health from environmental threats. The Busan Pledge for Action on Children& apos;s Health and the Environment...

... Children s Health and the Environment Indicators Initiative 1.1 CHILDREN S HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT The recognition that children have unique and specifi c vulnerabilities to certain environmental ... by the CEC Council for the countries’ cooperative work on children s health and the environment, namely: asthma and respiratory disease, lead and other chemicals, and waterborne diseases. These ... Cooperative Agenda for Children s Health and the Environment in North America, a blueprint for regional action on children s health and the environment. Among the elements of the Cooperative Agenda...

... POLLUTION Children& apos;s Health and the Environment WHO Training Package for the Health SectorWorld Health Organizationwww.who.int/cehTRAINING FOR THE HEALTH SECTORTRAINING FOR THE HEALTH SECTOR[Date ... development and health  Secondhand tobacco smoke a major concernHOMES OF POOR CHILDREN MAY BE UNHEALTHY HOMES OF POOR CHILDREN MAY BE UNHEALTHY WHO The home is the first indoor environment a ... Denmark, Finland, and Japan, indicate the need for further investigation of the possible role of carbon monoxide in the genesis of atherosclerotic vascular changes in animals and man. The degree...

... 1983:351-495.Mycotoxins1MYCOTOXINSMYCOTOXINS Children& apos;s Health and the Environment WHO Training Package for the Health SectorWorld Health Organizationwww.who.int/cehOctober 2011TRAINING FOR THE HEALTH SECTORTRAINING FOR THE HEALTH ... affect children& apos;s health. The adverse health effects can be pictured as a pyramid, like the one shown here. At the top is death, the most severe consequence of exposure, such as the deaths ... to the clinic. At the low end of the pyramid are the adverse effects that children suffer for which they do not go to the clinic. Ref:•Samet J et al. Defining an adverse respiratory health...

... 109twoeventsiscalculatedbysubtractingthedateoffirstintercoursesincemenarchefromthedateoffirstmarriage.Iffirstintercourseaftermenarcheoccurredafterfirstmarriage,orbotheventsoccurredinthesamemonth,itisindicatedaccordinglyintable26.Monthspregnantwhenprenatalcarebegan—Forallpregnanciesendinginanywayotherthaninducedabortionin1991–95,womenwereaskedtoreportiftheyhadevervisitedadoctor,midwife,orclinicforprenatalcare.Thosewhoreportedanyprenatalcarewerethenaskedhowmanyweeksormonthspregnanttheywerewhentheyfirstwentforprenatalcare.ThePNCAREWKrecodeindicatesthenumberofweekspregnantatfirstprenatalvisit.Table83givesthepercentdistributionofPNCAREWKforallpregnanciesthatresultedinlivebirthin1991–95 .The categoriesshownare‘‘lessthan3months,’’‘‘3–4months,’ and ‘5monthsormoreornoprenatalcare.’’‘‘Lessthan3months’’isdefinedaslessthan13weeks,tobeconsistentwiththedefinitionofearly(firsttrimester)prenatalcareinpreviousreportsfromtheNSFG.Mother’seducation(recode=EDUCMOM)—‘‘Mother’seducation’’wasclassifiedaccordingtothehighestgradeofregularschoolorcollegecompletedbytherespondent’smotherormother-figure.ThismeasurediffersslightlyfrompastNSFGreportsthatwerebasedonaquestionaskingforeducationof‘‘mother’’or‘‘stepmother.’’TheCycle5versiondiffersbecausetheidentityofthemotherormother-figurewasascertainedinamorepreciseway:ifthechildhoodlivingarrangementsshowedthattherespondentlivedwithhernaturalmotheratsomepointandneverlivedwithafemaleparentotherthanthenaturalmother,thenthenaturalmotheristhepersonaboutwhomeducationwasasked.Otherwise ,the respondentwasasked:‘‘Who,ifanyone,doyouthinkofasthewomanwhomostlyraisedyouwhenyouwereateenager?’’Thepersonreportedbecomesthepersonaboutwhomeducationisasked.Respondentseligibleforthatquestionwereallowedtorespond‘‘nosuchperson,’ and 0.7percentofsamplecasesfellintothiscategory.Thiscategoryislabeled‘‘nomother-figureidentified’’inthetables.Anadditional4.3percentofinterviewedwomenhadmissingdataonmother’seducation,andthesevaluesfortheEDUCMOMrecodewereimputed.Nonvoluntaryfirstsexualintercourse—Thevoluntary/nonvoluntarystatusoffirstintercoursewasdeterminedfromtwoquestionsintheinterviewer-administeredinterview.First,respondentswereasked:‘‘LookingatthescaleonCardC-3,whichnumberwouldyousaycomesclosesttodescribinghowmuchyouwantedthatfirstsexualintercoursetohappen?Onthisscale,a1meansthatyoureallydidn’twantittohappenatthetime ,and a10meansthatyoureallywantedittohappen.’’Womenwhorespondedtothisquestionthattheirfirstintercoursewasarapeareclassifiedashavingnonvoluntaryfirstintercourse.Respondentswhoreportedanythingotherthan‘‘rape’’wereasked:‘‘Wouldyousaythenthatthisfirstsexualintercoursewasvoluntaryornotvoluntary?’’Respondentsanswering‘‘notvoluntary’’arealsoclassifiedashavingnonvoluntaryfirstintercourseforthetable(table21).Numberofhusbandsorcohabitingpartners—TherecodeFMARNOgivesthenumberoftimesawomanhasbeenlegallymarried.Womenwerealsoaskedthenumberofothercohabitingpartnerstheymayhavehad.Table37isbasedonthetotalnumberofhusbandsandcohabitingpartners,computedasfollows:FMARNO+(1ifcurrentlycohabiting)+(#ofothercohabitingpartners)Husbandswithwhomawomanalsocohabited(outsideofmarriage)arecountedonlyonce,ashusbands.Numberofmalesexualpartners—Eachwomanwhohadeverhadvoluntarysexualintercousewasaskedtoreportthenumberorrange(low-high)ofmaleswithwhomshehashadsexual(vaginal)intercourseinherlife,asofthedateofinterview.ShewasalsoaskedtoreporthernumberofmalesexualpartnerssinceJanuary1991(roughlythelast5years)andinthelast12months.Ifarangeofpartnerswasreported ,the numberofpartnerswascalculatedastheaverageofthelowandhighnumbers.Inthosefewcaseswheretherespondentreportedzeropartnersforthelowendoftherangeandonepartnerforthehighend,thenumberofpartnerswassetequaltoone.Respondentswhohadneverhadintercourseorwhohadonlyhad(first)nonvoluntaryintercoursewereassignedzero.Thereweretwoversionsofthisseriesofthreequestionsaboutnumberofmalesexualpartners.Thedescriptionaboveappliestotheversionintheinterviewer-administeredportionofthesurvey,andtheseresultsarepresentedintables27,29 ,and3 1.ThesequestionswererepeatedintheAudioCASI,orself-administered,portionofthesurvey,attheendoftheinterview.Eachpairofquestions(interviewer-administeredandself-administered)waswordedalmostidentically,althoughtheAudioCASIquestionsaskedforaspecificnumberanddidnotallowarangetobegiven.Also,thequestionsintheself-administeredportionwereprefacedbythefollowinginstruction:‘‘ ... 111Uptofourracialgroupscouldbechosen.Respondentswhoidentifiedthemselveswithmorethanoneracialgroupwereaskedtoselectonegroupthat‘‘bestdescribes’’them,andtheRACErecodereflectedthisresponse.Becauseoflimitedsamplesize,Asian,PacificIslander,Alaskannative ,and AmericanIndianwomenwerecombinedandpresentedinthisreportas‘‘Non-Hispanicother’’races.+Comparisonwithbirthcertificatedata—Thedataintable6ofthisreportshowthatfortheyears1991–94,theNSFGestimatesofthenumberofbirthsareveryclosetothebirthcertificatetotals,bothoverall,forindividualyears ,and forbirthstowhitewomen .The NSFGestimatesaresomewhatlowerforblackwomenandsomewhathigherforwomenof‘‘other’’racesthanthebirthcertificatedata.Thesedifferenceslargely(withinsamplingerror)canceleachotherout.Butthedataintable6suggestthatsomewomenwhoreportthattheyareof‘‘other’’races(AsianorPacificIslander,orAmericanIndianorAlaskannative)inasurveyliketheNSFGmaybeclassifiedaswhiteorblackbyathirdpartyfillingoutabirthcertificate.Inaddition,somewomenwhoidentifywithmorethanoneracialgroupmayidentifythemselvesprimarilywithaparticulargroup,butathirdpartymaynotchoosethatracialgroupifaskedtoclassifythembyrace.Theseissuesdonotappeartoaffectthecomparabilityofthetotalnumberofbirthsbyyearorothercharacteristics,whichshowverygoodagreementbetweentheNSFGandtheregisteredbirths.+InterpretationofdatabyraceandHispanicorigin—DataareshownbyraceandHispanicorigininthetablesbecauseNCHSisfrequentlyaskedtoprovidedataseparatelyforwhite,black,andHispanicwomen.Raceisassociatedwithanumberofindicatorsofsocialandeconomicstatus.Measuresofsocioeconomicstatus(forexample,educationandincome)arenotalwaysavailableforthepointintimewhentheeventbeingstudiedoccurred.Whilecharacteristicssuchaseducationandincomecanchangeovertime,raceandethnicitydonotchangesotheycanbeusedatallpointsintimeasproxiesforsocioeconomicstatus.Differencesamongwhite,black,andHispanicwomeninthephenomenapresentedinthetablesprimarilyreflectthelowerincomeandeducationallevelsofblackandHispanicwomen,theirmorelimitedaccesstohealthcareandhealthinsurance,thecommunitiesinwhichtheylive,andotherfactors(seereference14,tables49,53,81,173).Forsomerecentanalysesofdifferencesinbirthratesbyraceandorigin,seereferences1,15,40 ,and4 1.ReasonsforHIVtest—Allrespondentswhoreportedthattheyhadeverhadtheirbloodtestedforhumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV),thevirusthatcausesAIDS,wereaskedthereasonsfortheirmostrecenttest.Theresponselistwasasfollows:+forahospitalizationorsurgicalprocedure+toapplyforhealthorlifeinsurance+becauseyouwerepregnantorbecauseitwaspartofprenatalcare+justtofindoutifyouwereinfected+becauseofareferralbyadoctor+otherreason(specify)Table86showsthepercentscitingspecificreasons,withthepercentsaddingtomorethan100becausesomewomengavemorethanonereasonfortheirHIVtest.Reasonsforsterilizingoperations—Table54showsreasonsreportedfortuballigations,hysterectomies ,and vasectomies.Foreachofhersterilizingoperations,therespondentwasasked:‘‘NowpleaselookatCardD-3whichlistssomereasonsthatwomensometimesgiveforhavingsterilizingoperations.Whichreasonorreasonsdoyoubelieveareclosesttoyourown?’’Womencouldchoosealloftheapplicableresponsesfromthefollowinglist:+Youhadallthechildrenyouwanted+Yourhusbandorpartneratthetimedidnotwantanymorechildren+Financialreasons,thatis,youcouldnotaffordanotherbaby+Medicalreasons+Reasonsrelatedtobirthcontrol+SomeotherreasonsforsterilizationThosementioning‘‘medicalreasons’’wereasked:‘‘PleaselookatCardD-4.Whichofthesemedicalreasonsdidyouhave?’’Theresponselist,againpermittingallapplicablereasonstobecoded,readasfollows:+Medicalproblemswithyourfemaleorgans+Pregnancywouldbedangeroustoyourhealth+Youwouldprobablyloseapregnancy+Youwouldprobablyhaveanunhealthychild+Someothermedicalreason(specify)Thosementioning‘‘reasonsrelatedtobirthcontrol’’intheoriginalquestionwereasked:‘‘Wasyourmethodofbirthcontroldangeroustoyourhealthordidyounotlikeyourmethodofbirthcontrolforotherreasons?’’Womenreportingmorethanonereasonfortheirsterilizingoperationwereaskedtoidentifytheirmainreason.Reasonsforvasectomies—Womenwereonlyaskedaboutreasonsforvasectomyifhercurrenthusbandorcohabitingpartnerhadhisvasectomyduringtheirrelationship .The questionsaskedaboutreasonsforvasectomyweregenerallysimilartothoseaskedforfemalesterilizationoperations.Theexceptionwasthatintheresponselistformedicalreasons,‘‘medicalproblemswithyourfemaleorgans’’wasreplacedwith‘‘HEhadahealthproblemthatrequiredtheoperation.’’Regionofresidence(atinterview) The REGIONrecodeclassifiesregionofresidenceattimeofinterviewintothefourmajorcensusregions:Northeast,Midwest,South,andWest.ThesePage112[Series23,No.19 ... WANTPART,respectively, and reflect the woman’sreports of the father’s attitudes toward the pregnancy at the time of conception.If the respondent said she did notknow whether she wanted to havea(nother) child then...