... again behind a growingpopulation; this explains the rise of grain exports from the Baltic towestern and southern Europe, and, in combination with the in ow of precious metals from America, the ... linkages, even considering the inventions, of great import for the future, that were made in England c. 1700: the steam engines of Sav-ery and Newcomen, and the coke-smelting of iron. Many inventions ... production and to low—or nonexistent—rates of growth. Moreover, exports of grain to the Westwere instrumental in the rise of the “second serfdom.” On the otherhand, a large share of the population of...